Effect of Temperature and Host Life Stage on Efficacy of Soil Entomopathogens Against the Swede Midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Swede midge, Contarinia nasturtii Kieffer, is an economically significant pest of cruciferous crops in Canada and the northeastern United States. The effect of temperature on the virulence of three entomopathogenic nematode species, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Steinernema carpocapsae, and Steinernema feltiae, the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium brunneum, and a H. bacteriophora+M. brunneum combination treatment to C. nasturtii larvae, pupae, and cocoons was investigated. In the laboratory, all three nematode species successfully reproduced inside C. nasturtii larvae: H. bacteriophora produced the highest number of infective juveniles per larva, followed by S. carpocapsae and S. feltiae. H. bacteriophora and the H. bacteriophora+M. brunneum combination treatment generally caused the highest mortality levels to all C. nasturtii life stages at 20°C and 25°C, whereas S. feltiae caused the highest mortality to larvae and pupae at 16°C. No nematode species caused significant mortality when applied in foliar treatments to the infested host plant meristem and, in spite of high mortality, an antagonistic interaction was observed in the H. bacteriophora+M. brunneum combination treatment when compared with expected mortality. In trials conducted in broccoli fields in Elora, Ontario, M. brunneum suppressed adult emergence of C. nasturtii from infested soil in 2012 and all nematode treatments successfully suppressed adult emergence in 2013; however, no significant effects were observed in field trials conducted in Baden, Ontario.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it