THE PRIVATE TUTORING MARKET IN THE JAPANESE, CANADIAN AND POLISH EDUCATION SYSTEMS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The development of the private tutoring market is one of the most urgent problems of education which should become a subject of international theoretical debate. Therefore, the article will take a closer look at different types of private lessons which appear in the Japanese, Polish, and Canadian systems of education. Each of them displays certain distinct characteristics ranging from individual tutorials to group lessons in the form of courses offered by tutorial educational centers. The main aim of the article is to present an overview of studies on the subject and a comparative analysis of the private tutorial phenomenon in the Japanese, Polish, and Canadian educational systems based on its principal categories and the directions of its further development: the scale of the phenomenon of private tutoring in particular countries, organizational aspects of the private lessons market, the reasons for seeking help of a private tutor, and the results of using such services. Key words: private tutoring phenomenon, shadow education, private tutor, juku schools, private tutoring center, shadow education center, learning center 1.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".