Class Politics and Political Context in Britain, 1964-1997: Have Voters Become More Individualized?
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
We assess the impact of social class and local context on individual vote in Britain from 1964 to 1997. Multilevel multinomial logit models are fit to British Election Survey data for eight elections and constituency-level data on social class composition and election spending by the major political parties. We find no evidence for a process of individualization of the voter. Our findings suggest that both individual and contextual social class effects on vote have remained fairly stable over time. Moreover, although we find an increase in the impact of campaign spending over time, this increase was similar among all social classes. Were the individualization thesis to hold, changes would have been most notable among the working class. These findings suggest that the declining salience of social class for electoral outcomes better reflects changes in class structure and party platforms rather than a lessening of importance of social class as a social identity.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it