Extraction of near-surface index of refraction using radar phase measurements from ground targets
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The authors consider the simplest radar equation involving the index of refraction n: the time t taken by electromagnetic waves to reach a target at range r and return to the radar is r=2rn/c/sub 0/, with c/sub 0/, being the speed of light in a vacuum. For fixed targets, r is constant and only n varies; hence if t could be measured precisely for such targets, the average value of the refractive index over the path between the radar and these targets could be determined. Unfortunately, most radars cannot measure t and site surveys are not accurate enough to determine r with the part-per-million accuracy required to obtain useful information about n. However, if the range to the target is fixed, but only known to a fair accuracy, say better than 1%, it would be enough to allow us to relate changes in t to changes in n; the absolute calibration would then have to be done by other means. With this scheme, we are only required to determine changes in t that can be obtained by measuring the phase of the target.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".