Wetting measurements on smooth, rough and porous solid surfaces
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The solid-vapour surface tension has been determined by contact angle measurements with polar and non-polar liquids on flat solid surfaces using Axisymmetric Drop Shape Analysis (ADSA) and by capillary penetration experiments on rough and porous solids. For smooth and inert, well prepared solid surfaces (PTFE, FC 721 on mica, FEP, PET) the plot of γ lv cos Θ versus γ lv yields smooth curves which are consistent with the equation of state approach to calculate solid-vapour and solid-liquid interfacial tensions. Other experimental patterns of contact angle data are caused by surface roughness and non-inert solids which may result in contact angles incompatible to Young’s equation. An alternative way to obtain the solidvapour surface tension of rough and porous solids are capillary penetration experiments. The determination of the penetration velocity of liquids into rough and porous solids yields Kγ lv coΘ versus γ lv plots, which provide γ sv values for these systems; K is an unknown parameter of the constant geometry of the porous solid. The application of this concept was demonstrated for a hydrophobic PTFE powder and for hydrophilic Cellulose membranes.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it