Geomagnetically Induced Currents in European High-Voltage Power Systems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) in power systems are a ground manifestation of space weather arising from solar activity. Most of the research on GIC done in Europe so far refers to Scandinavian power grids. A power outage due to GIC occurred in southern Sweden in October 2003. The principal reason that similar GIC problems as in Sweden have not occurred in Finland is in the use of different transformer types in these two countries. However, due to the northern location, research on GIC in the Finnish high-voltage system is continued. The largest GIC recorded in 400 kV transformer neutrals are 320 A and 201 A in Sweden and Finland, respectively. GIC magnitudes in a system do not only depend on the intensity of magnetic disturbances but network parameters (resistances and topology) also play a significant role. The increasing size of the European high-voltage power grids, the complex interconnections and the extensive transport of energy between different countries make today's systems more prone to GIC problems
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".