Geomagnetically Induced Currents in European High-Voltage Power Systems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) in power systems are a ground manifestation of space weather arising from solar activity. Most of the research on GIC done in Europe so far refers to Scandinavian power grids. A power outage due to GIC occurred in southern Sweden in October 2003. The principal reason that similar GIC problems as in Sweden have not occurred in Finland is in the use of different transformer types in these two countries. However, due to the northern location, research on GIC in the Finnish high-voltage system is continued. The largest GIC recorded in 400 kV transformer neutrals are 320 A and 201 A in Sweden and Finland, respectively. GIC magnitudes in a system do not only depend on the intensity of magnetic disturbances but network parameters (resistances and topology) also play a significant role. The increasing size of the European high-voltage power grids, the complex interconnections and the extensive transport of energy between different countries make today's systems more prone to GIC problems
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".