Phenotypical, Biological, and Molecular Heterogeneity of 5α-Reductase Deficiency: An Extensive International Experience of 55 Patients
Bibliographic record
Abstract
CONTEXT: In 46,XY disorders of sex development, 5α-reductase deficiency is rare and is not usually the first-intention diagnosis in newborn ambiguous genitalia, contrary to partial androgen insensitivity syndrome. Yet the cause of ambiguous genitalia may guide sex assignment, and rapid, precise diagnosis of 5α-reductase deficiency is essential. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to describe relevant data for clinical diagnosis, biological investigation, and molecular determination from 55 patients with srd5A2 mutations identified in our laboratory over 20 yr to improve early diagnosis. SETTING: The study was performed at Montpellier University Hospital. PATIENTS: We studied a cohort of 55 patients with srd5A2 gene mutations. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Genetic analysis of srd5A2 was conducted. RESULTS: Clitoromegaly (49.1%) and microphallus with various degrees of hypospadias (32.7%) were frequent phenotypes. Female external genitalia (7.3%) and isolated micropenis (3.6%) were rare. Seventy-two percent of patients were initially assigned to female gender; five of them (12.5%) switched to male sex in peripuberty. Over 72% of patients were considered for 5α-reductase deficiency diagnosis when the testosterone/dihydrotestosterone cutoff was 10. In 55 patients (with 20 having a history of consanguinity), we identified 33 different mutations. Five have never been reported: p.G32S, p.Y91H, p.G104E, p.F223S, and c.461delT. Homozygous mutations were present in 69.1% of cases, compound heterozygous mutations in 25.5%, and compound heterozygous mutations alone with the V89L polymorphism in 5.4%. Exons 1 and 4 were most affected, with 35.8 and 21.7% mutant alleles per exon, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In the largest cohort to date, we demonstrate a wide spectrum of phenotypes and biological profiles in patients with 5α-reductase deficiency, whatever their geographical or ethnic origins.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".