Anxiety Symptoms and Generalized Anxiety Disorder in the Elderly: A Review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Anxiety is a common but underestimated, undertreated, and poorly studied problem in the elderly. Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and nonspecific anxiety symptoms that do not fall under a specific anxiety disorder are good examples. The current literature on the epidemiology, consequences, phenomenology, assessment, and treatment implications of these challenging problems is reviewed. A variety of limitations are observed. They include limited understanding of the expression of GAD in this age group, variable definitions of "elderly" (specifically with regard to the minimum age), limited ability of currently available diagnostic instruments to identify GAD in the elderly, and the availability of only a few trials addressing treatment of GAD specifically in this group. Despite these limitations there is enough evidence suggesting GAD in the elderly has a potential for negative consequences independent of the common comorbidity with major depressive disorder. The treatments reviewed are promising but need further research in order to document their safety and efficacy. The limitations of our current knowledge are discussed, with recommendations for future research.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".