Concomitant loop diuretics and ACE inhibitors increase risk of lithium toxicity in elderly people
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Juurlink DN, Mamdani MM, Kopp A, et al . Drug-induced lithium toxicity in the elderly: a population-based study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2004;52:794–8.[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] Q In elderly people, is lithium toxicity associated with concomitant use of diuretics, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs? ### ![Graphic][5]</img>Design: Nested case control study. ### ![Graphic][6]</img>Follow up period: 10 years (January 1992 to December 2001). ### ![Graphic][7]</img>Setting: Analysis of linked healthcare databases, Ontario, Canada. ### ![Graphic][8]</img>People: 10 615 people, aged ⩾66 years (62% women), treated continuously with lithium. Four controls, matched for age, sex, and lithium use were selected (randomly where more than four were identified). ### ![Graphic][9]</img>Risk factors: Diuretics, including thiazide-type (such as chlorthalidone) and loop diuretics (such as furosemide), angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJournal%2Bof%2Bthe%2BAmerican%2BGeriatrics%2BSociety%26rft.stitle%253DJ%2BAm%2BGeriatr%2BSoc%26rft.aulast%253DJuurlink%26rft.auinit1%253DD.%2BN.%26rft.volume%253D52%26rft.issue%253D5%26rft.spage%253D794%26rft.epage%253D798%26rft.atitle%253DDrug-induced%2Blithium%2Btoxicity%2Bin%2Bthe%2Belderly%253A%2Ba%2Bpopulation-based%2Bstudy.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1111%252Fj.1532-5415.2004.52221.x%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F15086664%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52221.x&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=15086664&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmental%2F7%2F4%2F120.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000220855300022&link_type=ISI [5]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [6]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [7]: /embed/inline-graphic-3.gif [8]: /embed/inline-graphic-4.gif [9]: /embed/inline-graphic-5.gif
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".