Differences in diving and swimming behavior of pup and juvenile Steller sea lions (<i>Eumetopias jubatus</i>) in Alaska
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Reduced juvenile survival caused by prey depletion is one hypothesis for the decline in the western Alaska population of Steller sea lions ( Eumetopias jubatus (Schreber, 1776)). To understand the exposure of young sea lions to these depletions, the swimming and diving behavior of pups, juveniles, and subadults was evaluated relative to prey behavior. Pups made shorter and shallower dives (13 m, 0.9 min) than juveniles or subadults, as expected based on physiological limitations, but juveniles and subadults dived to similar depths and durations (29 m, 1.7 min and 38 m, 2.0 min, respectively). Activity patterns of juveniles and subadults reflected diurnal prey migrations, while pup activity did not. Longitudinal trends in pup dive behavior reflected both physiological and behavioral development, while juvenile dive behaviors reflected seasonal changes in prey availability. Results suggest that adult females must continue to provide nutritional support to pups during winter because of the limited diving ability of these young animals. For this reason, the flexible lactation strategies that allow for longer nursing periods during periods of low prey availability and reduce female fecundity may improve juvenile survival.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".