Sulphide self-heating: moisture content and sulphur formation
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Spontaneous or self-heating of sulphides can occur under certain conditions of moisture, temperature and oxygen concentration. This can lead to emission of toxic gases such as SO2 and if uncontrolled, to ignition. Research has established that self-heating divides into three stages: A (below 100 oC), B (above 100 oC) and C (above 350 oC). The understanding is that conditions in stage A promote oxidation of sulphides to elemental sulphur which in stage B oxidizes to SO2. A standard test based on air injections is used to measure stage A and stage B self-heating. In this thesis, a mitigation method using hygroscopic reagents to control moisture has been tested on a pyrrhotite-rich material. Water retention capacity was determined to select reagents for application in the standard self-heating test. Tests showed that the water retention capacity correlated with mitigation of self-heating. Two reagents that showed the best mitigating effect were silica gel and poly (acrylic acid sodium salt).It is hypothesized that temperature and relative humidity have an effect on elemental sulphur production in stage A. To test, pyrrhotite (Fe1-xS) samples were exposed (weathered) at temperatures of 40 oC and 60 oC and relative humidities of 100%, 70% and 30% for 31 days. The weathering apparatus and sulphur analysis method are described. At the end of weathering (31 days), samples were subjected to stage B self-heating test. Self-heating rate and total number of air injections until heating ceased were determined. Both measurements showed that sulphur formed at 40 oC in stage A gave higher heating response than sulphur formed at 60 oC. This observation raises two possibilities that are discussed: there are different types of sulphur formed at the two temperatures; and there is a factor other than just sulphur content that controls stage B self-heating.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it