Seismic expression of fracture-swarm sweet spots, Upper Cretaceous tight-gas reservoirs, San Juan Basin
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Fracture swarms associated with subtle structures greatly enhance production from tight-gas sandstones of the Mesaverde Group and Dakota Formation in the San Juan Basin. The structures include grabens, horsts, and normal faults, and they can be identified using curvature analyses of horizons mapped in three-dimensional seismic data. Their orientations and styles are consistent with the orientation of fractures that have been identified by other authors using outcrop, core, borehole imagery, and production analyses. Integration of production data (rate-versus-time plots) demonstrates the existence of a drainage interference for wells located on some of the structures. This observation further testifies to a positive correlation between the presence of subtle structures, high fracture intensity, and high fracture permeability. The methods and results described herein can be directly applied to other areas. However, because natural fractures can both enhance and retard hydrocarbon production depending on their character, calibration of seismic, engineering, and other data types will be needed to determine whether subtle structures should be considered as drilling targets, or whether they are to be avoided.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".