Comparative Evaluation of Overexposure Potential Indices used in Solvent Substitution
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Overexposure potential indices (OPIs) can be defined as ratios between different measures of the volatility of a substance and its 8-h occupational exposure limit. OBJECTIVES: The overall objective of this study was to compare three OPIs, using a list of commonly used or recommended solvents as both single substances and mixtures. The three indices studied differ in the way they characterize volatility: vapour pressure for the vapour hazard ratio (VHR), calculated emission rate for the 'SUBstitution FACtor' (SUBFAC) index obtained from the former Danish SUBTEC software and discrete values based on relative evaporation rate for the Måleteknisk Arbejdshygiejnisk Luftbehov (MAL) index which is part of regulations in Denmark. METHODS: A list of 56 pure solvents and of 50 mixtures of solvents was used for the comparison. For mixtures, VHR was calculated both as VHR(mi), where the mixture is considered as ideal, and as VHR(mc) (corrected) with the introduction of activity coefficients to take into account the nonideal behaviour of components. Activity coefficients were a standard feature of SUBFAC for mixtures (SUBFAC(m)) but are not used when calculating MAL for mixtures (MAL(m)). RESULTS: Pure solvents rank in overall similar order with the three systems and correlation was excellent between VHR and SUBFAC (R = 0.99) and good between VHR and MAL (R = 0.75). For solvent-based mixtures, correlation is excellent between VHR(mi) and VHR(mc) (R = 0.98) and between VHR(mc) and SUBFAC(m) (R = 0.98) but moderate between VHR(mi) and MAL(m) (R = 0.52). Ratios between VHR(mc) and VHR(mi) varied between 0.57 and 2.7, thus spanning an approximately 5-fold range, and averaged 1.2. Worse correlations involving the MAL index are attributed to the discrete nature of its numerator. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, these results favour using the simple and more easily available VHR when comparing pure substances. In the case of mixtures, the effect of nonideality may be important in certain cases. As a precaution, since no integrated tool is available presently to easily calculate OPI values corrected for nonideality, substitution should be recommended only as long as the non-corrected VHR value for an alternative solvent is at least 5-fold less than that of the solvent to replace.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it