Inhaled insulin added onto or replacing 2 oral agents reduced haemoglobin A1c concentrations in type 2 diabetes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Rosenstock J, Zinman B, Murphy LJ, et al. Inhaled insulin improves glycemic control when substituted for or added to oral combination therapy in type 2 diabetes: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2005;143:549–58. [OpenUrl][1][PubMed][2][Web of Science][3] Q In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, does inhaled insulin added onto or replacing a failing regimen with 2 oral agents reduce haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) concentrations? Clinical impact ratings GP/FP/Primary care ★★★★★★☆ Internal medicine ★★★★★★★ Endocrine ★★★★★☆☆ ### ![Graphic][4]</img>Design: randomised controlled trial. ### ![Graphic][5]</img>Allocation: concealed.* ### ![Graphic][6]</img>Blinding: unblinded.* ### ![Graphic][7]</img>Follow up period: 12 weeks. ### ![Graphic][8]</img>Setting: 48 outpatient centres in the US and Canada. ### ![Graphic][9]</img>Patients: 309 patients 35–80 years of age (mean age 57 y, 65% men) with ⩾1 year history of type 2 diabetes treated with a stable oral agent regimen (1 insulin secretagogue and 1 insulin sensitiser) and HbA1c of 8–11%. Exclusion criteria included predisposition to severe hypoglycaemia; hospital admission or emergency department visit for poor diabetic control in previous 6 months; … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DAnnals%2Bof%2BInternal%2BMedicine%26rft.stitle%253DANN%2BINTERN%2BMED%26rft.issn%253D0003-4819%26rft.aulast%253DRosenstock%26rft.auinit1%253DJ.%26rft.volume%253D143%26rft.issue%253D8%26rft.spage%253D549%26rft.epage%253D558%26rft.atitle%253DInhaled%2BInsulin%2BImproves%2BGlycemic%2BControl%2BWhen%2BSubstituted%2Bfor%2Bor%2BAdded%2Bto%2BOral%2BCombination%2BTherapy%2Bin%2BType%2B2%2BDiabetes%253A%2BA%2BRandomized%252C%2BControlled%2BTrial%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F16230721%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=16230721&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2F11%2F3%2F77.atom [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000232674000005&link_type=ISI [4]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [5]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [6]: /embed/inline-graphic-3.gif [7]: /embed/inline-graphic-4.gif [8]: /embed/inline-graphic-5.gif [9]: /embed/inline-graphic-6.gif
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Direct model labels (unvalidated)
Per-model category and study-design labels from the labeling rounds. They are machine output, unvalidated, and the disagreement between models ships as data. No study design here is MEDLINE-validated yet.
| Model arm | Categories | Study design | Confidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| gemma | no category Domain: not available · Genre: Empirical About the Canadian research system: no · About a Canadian topic: no | Observational | low |
| gpt | no category Domain: not available · Genre: Commentary About the Canadian research system: no · About a Canadian topic: no | Not applicable | low |
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedLabeled directly by 2 models reading the full record.
The models disagree on parts of this classification; every voice is preserved in the section at the end of the page.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".