Pollen Grain Size, Density, and Settling Velocity for Palmer Amaranth (<i>Amaranthus palmeri</i>)
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Palmer amaranth is resistant to several herbicides, including glyphosate, and there is concern that the resistance traits can be transferred between spatially segregated populations via pollen movement. The objective of this study was to describe the physical properties of Palmer amaranth pollen, specifically size, density, and settling velocity ( V s ), that influence pollen flight. The mean diameter for Palmer amaranth pollen, as determined by light microscopy, was 31 µm (range of 21 to 38 µm); mean pollen diameter as measured with the use of an electronic particle sizer was 27 µm (range of 21 to 35 µm). The mean density of the solid portion of the pollen grain was 1,435 kg m −3 . Accounting for the density of the aqueous fraction, the mean density of a fully hydrated pollen grain was 1,218 kg m −3 . By Stokes's law, the estimated mean theoretical V s for individual Palmer amaranth pollen grains was 3.4 cm s −1 for the range of pollen diameters with a mean of 31 µm and 2.6 cm s −1 for the range of pollen diameters with a mean of 27 µm. Results from laboratory studies indicated the majority of single pollen grains settled at a rate of 5.0 cm s −1 . The difference between the theoretical and empirical estimates of V s was likely due to changes in pollen density and shape postanthesis, which are not accounted for using Stokes's law, as well as the presence pollen clusters.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it