Parasitism of the Spring Leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Complex in Organically Managed Apple Orchards in The North Okanagan Valley of British Columbia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The spring leafroller complex in organically managed apple orchards in the north of the Okanagan valley in British Columbia is predominantly composed of Archips rosanus (Linnaeus) and Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), unlike the predominantly C. rosaceana and Pandemis limitata (Robinson) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) complex in the south of the valley. Twenty-three parasitoid species, including three possible hyperparasitoids, were reared from leafrollers in the northern organic orchards from April through June in 2001 and 2002, of which 15 of the parasitoid species represent new parasitoid records for the leafroller complex in the Okanagan valley. The most commonly reared parasitoid in the northern organic orchards, Enytus eureka (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), is not common in southern orchards. Meteorus trachynotus Viereck, Microgaster epagoges Gahan and Apanteles polychrosidis Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) were also frequent parasitoids within the northern leafroller complex. Apanteles fumiferanae Viereck and Macrocentrus ancylivorus Rohwer (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) as well as Glypta erratica Cresson and two unidentified species of Temelucha Förster (Ichneumonidae) were reared for the first time as leafroller parasitoids within apple orchards in British Columbia. The presumed hyperparasitoid species, Mesochorus flaviceps Provancher (Ichneumonidae) and Perilampus fulvicornis Ashmead and Perilampus prothoracicus Smulyan (Hymenoptera: Perilampidae), were also reared for the first time from this host complex. Differences in the north and south Okanagan leafroller communities and their parasitoids are discussed with respect to implications for future orchard biological control.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".