Influence of the emulsion droplet type on the rheological characteristics and microstructure of rennet gels from reconstituted milk
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Rheological and microstructural properties of rennet-induced milk gels containing different fat globules were studied. Recombined milks were prepared by mixing reconstituted low-heat skim milk powder and anhydrous milk fat emulsified with reconstituted skim milk powder (SMP), sodium caseinate (NaCas), whey protein isolate (WPI) or Tween 20. Final elastic modulus of the rennet gels containing WPI- or Tween 20-stabilized fat globules showed significantly lower values compared with those prepared with SMP-emulsified fat globules. SMP-stabilized fat globules interacted with the continuous casein network reinforcing the gel structure. Confocal micrographs supported the rheological data revealing that gels containing SMP-stabilized fat globules formed a tighter network relative to other treatments. Microscopy images also showed some degree of droplet flocculation in the case of gels containing WPI- or Tween 20-stabilized fat globules, and this was most likely the cause of the increase of elastic modulus of these systems. Contrary to reports for acid-induced casein gels, NaCas-stabilized fat globules hindered the formation of rennet gels. These results illustrate that rennet gel structure is affected by droplet-droplet and droplet-casein interactions, which in turn are determined by the composition of the oil-water interface as well as the ionic equilibrium in the reconstituted milk gels.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".