Upregulation of Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and Microsomal Prostaglandin E <sub>2</sub> Synthase-1 (mPGES-1) in Wall of Ruptured Human Cerebral Aneurysms
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and Microsomal Prostaglandin E2 Synthase-1 (mPGES-1) catalyze isomerization of the cyclooxygenase product PGH2 into PGE2. Deletion of COX-2/mPGES-1 suppresses carotid artery atherogenesis and angiotensin II-induced aortic aneurysms formation, and attenuates neointimal hyperplasia after vascular injury in mice. The upregulation of COX-2/mPGES-1 in the wall of ruptured human cerebral aneurysms is not known. METHODS: Ten patients with intracranial aneurysms (5 ruptured and 5 nonruptured) underwent microsurgical clipping. During the procedure, a segment of the aneurysm dome was resected and immunostained with monoclonal antibodies for COX-1, COX-2, and mPGES-1. A segment of the superficial temporal artery was also removed and immunostained with monoclonal antibodies for COX-1, COX-2, and mPGES-1. RESULTS: All 10 aneurysm tissues stained positive for mPGES-1 monoclonal antibody. Expression of mPGES-1 was more abundant in ruptured aneurysm tissue than in nonruptured aneurysms, based on a semiquantitative grading. None of the superficial temporal artery specimens expressed mPGES-1. COX-2 was upregulated in the same distribution as was mPGES-1. COX-1 was present constitutively in all tissues. CONCLUSIONS: COX-2/mPGES-1 are expressed in the wall of human cerebral aneurysms and more abundantly so in ruptured aneurysms than in nonruptured. We speculate that the protective effect of aspirin against rupture of cerebral aneurysms may be mediated in part by inhibition of COX-2/mPGES-1.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".