Sulfolane-Based Electrolyte for High Voltage Li(Ni<sub>0.42</sub>Mn<sub>0.42</sub>Co<sub>0.16</sub>)O<sub>2</sub>(NMC442)/Graphite Pouch Cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ethylene carbonate (EC)-free electrolyte composed of sulfolane (SL), ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC) and vinylene carbonate (VC) was studied in Li(Ni 0.42 Mn 0.42 Co 0.16 )O 2 (NMC442)/graphite pouch cells using in situ measurements of gas evolution, ultra high precision coulometry (UHPC), automated storage experiments, long-term cycling and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Although cells using 1 M LiPF 6 in SL:EMC 3:7 (w:w) do not function at all, the addition of only 1% VC allows the cells to operate normally. In situ gas measurements show that NMC442/Graphite pouch cells containing SL:EMC:VC electrolyte produce less gas during formation than cells containing control (1 M LiPF 6 EC:EMC 3:7 (w:w)) electrolyte or 2% VC in control electrolyte. Cycling and storage experiments show that cells containing SL:EMC:VC electrolytes can provide better performance than control electrolyte without additives and similar performance to state-of-the-art electrolyte with the ternary additive blend 2% prop-1-ene-1,3-sultone (PES) +1% methylene methanedisulfonate (MMDS) +1% tris(trimethylsilyl) phosphite (TTSPi) ("PES-211") in EC:EMC 3:7 (w:w). The SL:EMC:VC system needs to be further explored with additional additives and from a safety perspective.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".