Effect of temperature and air flow rate on carbon and nitrogen compounds changes during the biodrying of swine manure in order to produce combustible biomasses
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract BACKGROUND: Manure is the main waste of raising livestock, when spreading in soils can cause surface and ground water pollution. The management of manure is associated with emissions of greenhouse gases and odours. Dry manure contains at least 45% of carbon. This is an attractive characteristic for energetic valorisation. To use manure in the production of energy, it must be previously dried. RESULTS: Wet solids from swine manure containing 30% of dry matter were dried in laboratory scale biodryers. Four levels of aeration rate from 0.4 to 4 L min −1 kg $^{-1}_{\rm {DM}}$ and five levels of temperature from 25 to 65 °C were tested. The highest emissions of CO 2 , NH 3 and N 2 O occurred at the highest air flow rate of 4 L min −1 kg $^{-1}_{\rm {DM}}$ . For all operating conditions, the high calorific power had a mean value of 15 ± 0.4 MJ kg $^{-1}_{\rm {DM}}$ . The dried biomass obtained had an energetic potential to valorise by combustion. CONCLUSION: The bed temperature and aeration rate have an effect on carbon and nitrogen bio‐cycles. These operating parameters can also control the release quantity and gaseous form of nitrogen. Several problems related to swine manure management can be solved by using biodrying, an economic and environmental friendly technology. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".