Coded Pulse-Position Modulation for Free-Space Optical Communications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Multilevel (Q-ary, Q > 2) pulse-position modulation (Q-PPM) with direct detection is a very popular transmission method for power-efficient free-space optical communication systems. The combination of Q-PPM with error-control coding is an effective means to further improve power efficiency. In this paper, we study the application of the multilevel coding (MLC) paradigm to Q-PPM transmission. In particular, we devise a powerful coded Q-PPM scheme which is a simplified version of MLC and which we refer to as reduced-level MLC (RL-MLC). We show how to design and optimize RL-MLC for Q-PPM when using constellation-constrained capacity as the pertinent figure of merit. Furthermore, we provide simulative evidence that RL- MLC with off-the-shelf low-density parity-check codes (LDPC) closely approaches its corresponding capacity limit. For 64-PPM, RL-MLC with only two levels achieves practically the same performance as that of bit-interleaved coded modulation with iterative decoding (BICM-ID), which involves a more difficult design procedure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".