The Growth of Nd:YAG Single Crystals by Czochralski Method with ADC-CGS – Preliminary Work
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Although Nd:YAG was invented in the 1960s in the last century, it has been and still the most commonly crystalmaterial widely used in all types of solid-state lasers systems such as frequency-doubled continuous wave,high-energy Q-switched, and so forth in applications to the medical, industrial, military and scientific research. ACrystal Growth System namely Automatic Diameter Control – Crystal Growth System (ADC-CGS) was utilizedto prepare a single crystal of Nd:YAG grown in the direction using the Czochralski. By an effectivecontrol on the growth parameter such as maintaining temperature gradient by controlling the output power andthe growth rate, an Nd:YAG single crystal with the dimensions of 75 mm in length and 30 mm in diameter wassuccessfully produced using the ADC-CGS. The color of the Nd:YAG single crystal is slightly purple whenexposed to the light. This is a unique characteristic of YAG crystal when doped with Neodymium (Nd) followedby a better fluorescence lifetime and thermal conductivity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".