Detrital modes and provenance of the Paleogene Khojak Formation in Pakistan: Implications for early Himalayan orogeny and unroofing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Research Article| March 01, 2001 Detrital modes and provenance of the Paleogene Khojak Formation in Pakistan: Implications for early Himalayan orogeny and unroofing Mazhar Qayyum; Mazhar Qayyum 1Fold-Fault Research Project, Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Alan R. Niem; Alan R. Niem 2Department of Geosciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-5506, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Robert D. Lawrence Robert D. Lawrence 2Department of Geosciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-5506, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar GSA Bulletin (2001) 113 (3): 320–332. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2001)113<0320:DMAPOT>2.0.CO;2 Article history received: 30 Jul 1999 rev-recd: 22 Feb 2000 accepted: 28 Feb 2000 first online: 01 Jun 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation Mazhar Qayyum, Alan R. Niem, Robert D. Lawrence; Detrital modes and provenance of the Paleogene Khojak Formation in Pakistan: Implications for early Himalayan orogeny and unroofing. GSA Bulletin 2001;; 113 (3): 320–332. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2001)113<0320:DMAPOT>2.0.CO;2 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyGSA Bulletin Search Advanced Search Abstract Different tectonic settings have characteristic detrital modes and sediment-dispersal patterns. Detrital modes and sediment-dispersal patterns of the siliciclastic Khojak Formation in the Katawaz basin, Pakistan, suggest that its sand was derived from the early Himalayan orogen and longitudinally transported to the Katawaz remnant ocean, where it was deposited as a delta−submarine-fan complex. Modal analysis of the Khojak Formation suggests composition that is dominated by subangular quartz with abundant lithic fragments and minor feldspar, i.e., Qt60F9L31 (Qt, total quartz; F, feldspar; L, lithic fragments). The predominance of quartz, sedimentary, and low-grade metamorphic lithic fragments suggests early derivation from a collision orogen; scarcity of detrital feldspar and volcanic lithic fragments precludes a magmatic arc as the main source. The decrease in monocrystalline quartz, concomitant increase in total lithic percentages, and relative abundance of low-grade metamorphic lithic fragments from the bottom to the top of the Khojak Formation reflect progressive erosional history of the early Himalaya. This history is part of a previously known major unroofing trend collectively depicted by the detrital modes of the Murree Formation, Siwalik Group, and the modern Indus fan in the Indian Ocean. These detrital modes are also related in time and space. You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".