Bibliographic record
Abstract
A lthough the renin angiotensin system (RAS) is a well established regulator of blood pressure and intravascular volume, 1 considerable evidence has emerged demonstrating the importance of the RAS directly on the cardiovascular system (please refer to the Figure for description of the enzymatic pathways involved in RAS regulation).Indeed, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, which prevent the conversion of angiotensin I into angiotensin II (Ang II), and Ang II receptor type 1 (AT1R) antagonists, which inhibit the receptor-mediated actions of Ang II, have demonstrated direct favorable effects on the heart.These include a reduction in cardiac fibrosis during hypertensive left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, protection against LV enlargement following myocardial infarction, and reduced LV remodeling following coronary artery bypass graft surgery. 2 Hence, ACE1 is generally thought of as a villain contributing to the development of cardiovascular disease due to its generation of Ang II.Fortunately, the RAS may also have a potential hero in ACE2, which can counter many of the negative consequences of ACE1-produced Ang II.In this issue of Circulation Research, Patel et al 3 demonstrate an important role for the RAS in the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy.If diabetic Akita mice are deficient for ACE2 (Akita/ ACE2KO), the enzyme responsible for converting Ang II into Ang 1-7, a progressive systolic dysfunction occurred that is associated with oxidative stress, excessive extracellular matrix degradation, vascular dysfunction, and impairment of the Akt-signaling pathway.Ang II activation of the AT1R was implicated in these actions, since a 1-month treatment with the AT1R antagonist, irbesartan, reversed this systolic dysfunction, oxidative stress, vascular dysfunction, and Akt signaling in the Akita/ACE2KO mice.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.025 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.062 | 0.037 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.007 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".