Dynamic behavior of freely rising buoyant solid spheres in non‐Newtonian liquids
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The results of the hydrodynamic study of rising solid spheres in non‐Newtonian (pseudoplastic) fluids are reported. The hydrodynamic parameters including drag coefficient, trajectory of rise, and terminal velocity were determined. The behavior of free‐rising spheres was compared to that of falling spheres in the same type of fluids to see if any differences exist. It was observed that rising solid spheres behave differently from falling solid spheres at higher Reynolds numbers in non‐Newtonian (pseudoplastic) fluids. At high Reynolds numbers rising solid spheres display a spiraling motion, while falling spheres display a linear trajectory. The angle between the velocity vector and horizontal plane of the spiraling trajectory was 60°. The spiraling trajectory led to a drag coefficient that was more than two times higher for rising solid spheres than that established for falling spheres in the Newton's law range in a non‐Newtonian (pseudoplastic) liquid. The first ever correlation is proposed to calculate the drag coefficient of freely rising light solid spheres in non‐Newtonian (pseudoplastic) fluids.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".