Benthic macroinvertebrate communities in southwestern Lake Ontario following invasion of Dreissena and Echinogammarus: 1983 to 2000
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Benthic macroinvertebrate communities were quantified at natural cobble and artificial reef sites in Lake Ontario in 1983 (7 y pre-Dreissena invasion) and in 1991 to 1992 and 1999 to 2000 (1–2 and 9–10 y post-Dreissena invasion, respectively). Overall, the cobble community had higher diversity and abundance than the reef community. In both communities, diversity and abundance of non-Dreissena taxa rose sharply between 1983 and 1991 to 1992 and declined to 1983 levels by 1999 to 2000. However, taxonomic composition (excluding Dreissena and the recent invader Echinogammarus ischnus) was consistent across study years. Between 1983 and 1999 to 2000, Stagnicola catascopium and Physella spp. increased in abundance, several taxa (Musculium partumeium, Bithynia tentaculata, Elimia livescens, Trichoptera, and Chironomidae) decreased in abundance, and changes in the abundance of many taxa were correlated with Dreissena abundance. Dreissena continued to make up >40% of total macroinvertebrate abundance at the cobble site and >60% at the reef site in 1999 to 2000; however, numbers dropped sharply and the size of individual mussels increased as D. bugensis largely replaced D. polymorpha between 1991 to 1992 and 1999 to 2000. Dreissena biomass dropped sharply at the reef site between 1991 to 1992 and 1999 to 2000, but not at the cobble site. The exotic amphipod E. ischnus was abundant in 1999 to 2000, but any effect on the abundance of the related amphipod Gammarus fasciatus was unclear. At the time of this study, the round goby Neogobius melanostomus was not present. We conclude that the transition from D. polymorpha to D. bugensis and processes associated with the ongoing oligotrophication of Lake Ontario are responsible for reduced density of larger-bodied Dreissena in the nearshore region, and that changes in the Dreissena population are largely responsible for changes in the non-Dreissena benthic macroinvertebrate communities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".