Energy balance at the Earth's surface: Heat flux history in eastern Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The heat exchange at the air/ground interface is determined by many complex processes making the energy balance at the earth's surface extremely difficult to quantify and model. A new methodology allows heat flux at the Earth's surface to be estimated using ground surface temperature history reconstructed from geothermal data. We found that over a large region in eastern and central Canada, the average heat flux into the ground during the last 1000 years was on the order of 2.8 mWm−2. Our results suggest that significant change in the ground heat flux occurred in the last two centuries. The 200 years averaged heat flux since 1765 is 17.0 mWm−2, while the average heat flux over the latest 100 years is 74.0 mWm−2. The sensitivity of the subsurface to very small energy imbalances makes these type of data and analysis useful complements to the paleoclimatic record; they also provide constrains for general circulation model land‐surface parameterization over a wide range of spatial‐temporal scales.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".