To boldly go where no goby has gone before: boldness, dispersal tendency, and metabolism at the invasion front
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The successful establishment and expansion of invasive species may be linked to the behavior and dispersal tendency of individuals within an introduced population. To test the prediction that the boldest individuals, with the greatest dispersal tendency would be concentrated in the area of active range expansion, we compared the behavior, dispersal tendency, and metabolic rate of male round goby ( Neogobius melanostomus ) sampled from the expanding edge of their range with those sampled from an established area in the Trent–Severn Waterway, Ontario, Canada. Behavior and dispersal tendency were assessed in an artificial flume at 2 different water velocities using individuals caught in the spring and autumn of 2013, while resting metabolic rate (RMR) was determined using intermittent flow-through respirometry on fish collected in the autumn only. Round goby from the edge of their expanding range emerged from a shelter sooner, moved farther and faster in the flume, and had higher RMRs than individuals from established areas within the river. Neither water velocity nor season of capture was important in explaining the variation in time of emergence or movement. The higher proportion of bold individuals with high dispersal potential at invasion fronts facilitates further dispersal of round goby populations, and could help explain the rapid expansion of this species in North America and Western Europe. However, the benefits of bold phenotypes in terms of dispersal may be offset by increased energetic costs while at rest.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".