Changes in gill H+-ATPase and Na+/K+-ATPase expression and activity during freshwater acclimation of Atlantic salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i>)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Few studies have examined changes in salmon gill ion transporter expression during the transition from seawater to freshwater, a pivotal moment in the salmonid life cycle. Seawater-acclimated Atlantic salmon were transferred to freshwater and blood and gill tissue were sampled over 30 days of acclimation. Salmon held in seawater had stable plasma osmolality and sodium and chloride levels throughout the experiment. Following freshwater exposure, plasma sodium and chloride levels and total osmolality decreased significantly before returning towards control levels over time. Gill H(+)-ATPase activity increased by more than 45% 14 days after exposure to freshwater, whereas H(+)-ATPase mRNA levels were not affected by the salinity change. Within 4 days of freshwater exposure, gill Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity increased ∼43% over control levels, remaining significantly higher until the 30 day sampling group when it declined back to control levels. This increase in activity was associated with a more than 7-fold increase in Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase isoform α1a mRNA level and a ∼60% decrease in Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase isoform β1b mRNA level. The mRNA levels of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase isoforms α1c and α3 did not change as a result of freshwater exposure. The time courses for mRNA expression of the small membrane protein FXYD 11 and the β1-subunit were very similar, with levels increasing significantly 7 days following freshwater exposure before subsiding back to control levels at 30 days. Taken together, these data suggest an important role for Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase in freshwater acclimation in Atlantic salmon.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".