Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) Derived Water Equivalent Changes of the Arctic Watersheds
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Arctic permafrost regions compose the largest component of the cryosphere. Observations from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission offer to provide a greater understanding of changes in water mass within these regions. We investigate GRACE monthly time series, snow water equivalent from the Special Scanning Microwave Imager (SSM/I), and discharge from the Lena, Yenisei, Ob', Mackenzie and Yukon River watersheds. GRACE water equivalent mass change respond to mass loading by snow accumulation in winter and mass unloading by runoff in spring. Comparison of secular trends from GRACE to runoff indicates groundwater storage is increasing in the Lena and Yenisei watersheds, decreasing in the Mackenzie and Yukon watersheds, and is steady in the Ob' watershed. We also note that groundwater storage is increasing in the Alaska Arctic coastal plain. We hypothesize that the groundwater storage changes are linked to the development of closed talik (unfrozen material acting as aquifers) in the continuous permafrost zone and decrease of permafrost lateral extent and new open talik formation in the discontinuous permafrost zone of the watersheds. The increase in talik may be linked to increase in surface and sub-surface water associated with thaw bogs, ponds, lakes and river-beds in the continuous permafrost zone and decrease in surface and sub-surface water associated with draining of thaw bogs, ponds and lakes in the discontinuous permafrost zone. ABSTRACT GRACE Water Equivalent Mass Changes
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".