M-ary Code Shift Keying Impulse Modulation Combined with BPPM for UWB Communications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A novel modulation format is proposed for time-hopping pulse position modulation (TH-PPM) ultra wideband (UWB) communications, where an orthogonal set of user-specific TH codes is employed for M-ary code shift keying (MCSK) to carry additional data. A particular TH code, selected by log2M-bit data, modulates the basic pulses (i.e., determines the location of the pulses), that are additionally time-shifted by binary PPM (BPPM), resulting in combined MCSK and BPPM (i.e., "MCSK/BPPM"). The combined modulation achieves increased data rate with respect to conventional TH-BPPM without affecting pulse shaping and can further improve the bit-error-rate (BER) performance. MCSK, which can also be employed by itself or combined with binary pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), is also shown to outperform TH M-ary PPM in dense multipath as it increases the diversity gain through randomized pulse locations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".