The biogeographic distribution of Cavinula (Bacillariophyceae) in North America with the descriptions of two new species
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cavinula Mann & Stickle is small genus presently comprising 25 taxa distinguished by the linear to round-elliptical valve shape, uniseriate striae, presence of nodules and distinctive terminal pores. Most often the species from the genus have been reported from colder northern or alpine oligotrophic aquatic systems, or moist sub-aerial habitats. Observation of samples from different localities reveals fourteen Cavinula taxa are distributed across North America. Descriptions of confirmed species including designated types are provided with regard to their taxonomy, autecology, and distribution in Canada and USA. Light and Scanning Electron Microscope observations of different samples and type material reveal high morphological variation within some of the taxa. Two and three morphotypes are recognized within C. cocconeiformis and C. pseudoscutiformis. Cavinula kernii and C. maculata are recognized as new species and formal description and differential diagnosis are presented. The biogeography of the genus Cavinula in North America is represented by three groups of species. The first group comprises taxa with more restricted distribution in oligotrophic, cold and/or alpine environments from the Arctic Archipelago and the Rocky Mountains in western North America. The second group comprises more tolerant species with broader distributions across a wider range of ecological conditions. The third group from south-eastern North America, represented by C. maculata, is found in low pH and specific conductance conditions with low nutrients. Globally, forty-one percent of the known taxa are present in North America. This number is subject to change after a better understanding of the different morphotypes and global taxa distributions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".