Vacuum ultraviolet–induced photochemical nitriding of polyolefin surfaces
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Film samples of two very pure polyolefins, low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) and biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP), were surface‐modified by vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photochemistry in low‐pressure ammonia. The influence of experimental conditions such as wavelength and intensity (photon flux) of the VUV radiation, ammonia pressure, and treatment duration, as well as the mechanisms involved in the surface modification were discussed. Changes in the surface energy and chemistry were investigated using suitable techniques like contact angle goniometry (surface energy) measurements, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy, and time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy. We show that chemically bonded nitrogen concentrations [N], up to 25%, can be achieved on the polymer surfaces by VUV photochemistry, and that N is predominantly bonded as amine groups, thus leading to an important increase in the surface energy of treated samples. Finally, XPS, surface energy measurements, and atomic force microscopy were used to characterize possible degradation of the polymer surfaces during the VUV treatments. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 3886–3898, 2004
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".