Three-dimensional structure of tubular air channels formed by <i>Armillaria</i> spp. in water-saturated logs of silver fir and Norway spruce
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Water saturation of wood impedes the availability of oxygen necessary for wood decay. Storage of logs under water sprinkling is therefore used as an economic method in forestry. However, sapwood decay caused by Armillaria spp. was found in logs under water sprinkling, even at a wood moisture content of more than 150% (dry weight basis). Decay was associated with the formation of tubular air channels discernible as bright streaks extending from the cambial region into the sapwood. Their light colour results from different refraction of light in gas-filled versus water-filled wood structures. To examine the structure of the tubular air spaces in greater detail, we sampled wood of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst. and silver fir (Abies alba (Mill.)). Radial, transverse, as well as tangential sections of affected timber were examined, and a structural model of tubular air channels is presented. These structures are formed around wood rays by a tubular sheath of pseudoparenchymatous mycelium, which in its cellular structure is reminiscent of pseudosclerotial plates. This structure allows the efficiently located extrusion of water from water-saturated wood. The power necessary for this process is suggested to be the generation of gaseous CO 2 . Since the air channels are in contact with the external surface, they evidently act as a conduit allowing oxygen to enter and penetrate to a depth of several centimetres. By this unique arrangement of the tubular air channels, Armillaria spp. appear able to metabolize wood cells in an aerobic microenvironment within water-saturated wood. This results in wood decay leading to significant economic loss in stored timber despite the application of regular sprinkling.Key words: Armillaria spp., Picea abies, Abies alba, wood moisture content, oxygen supply, wood anatomy, wood decay.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it