Prescriptive analytics applied to brace treatment for AIS: a pilot demonstration
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Prescriptive analytics is a concept combining statistical and computer sciences to prescribe an optimal course of action, based on predictions of possible future events. In this simulation study we investigate using prescriptive analytics to recommend optimal in-brace corrections for braced Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) patients. The objectives were to estimate the efficacy of these recommendations, ultimately working toward improved brace design protocols. METHODS: Data was obtained for 90 AIS patients who had finished brace treatment at our center (60 full-time and 30 nighttime braces). Rates of ≥6 degree progression were 53% for daytime and 30% for nighttime braces. A modeling technique previously developed by our group was used to predict these patients' likely treatment outcomes given a range of in-brace corrections - the model was blinded to the true outcomes during this process. Each patient's 'recommended' correction was identified as the least aggressive correction resulting in a desirable predicted outcome. The efficacy of these recommendations was estimated using a technique called "clinical trial simulation" (CTS). This technique used a statistical model to predict progression rate under the model-recommended treatment, and compared it to the true progression rate, observed retrospectively, under the actual treatment. Significance was calculated using a permutation test. RESULTS: Model-recommended corrections ranged from 20%-58% for daytime and 65%-130% for nighttime braces, roughly corresponding with previous literature. Interestingly, in 37% of cases the recommended correction was less than that which had actually been applied, suggesting some opportunity for less aggressive (more comfortable) braces without compromising treatment outcome. The CTS estimated 26% fewer progressive cases using the model-recommended in-brace correction, over the actual correction observed retrospectively in the charts (p=0.05). The patients whose correction decreased under the model's recommendation did not show an increased progression rate. CONCLUSIONS: Optimal correction may be less than the maximum achievable correction. The preliminary results suggest that considering model-generated recommendations during brace fitting could improve outcomes. Future work will expand the system to recommend wear-times as well as corrections, improving its clinical relevance. We envision this pilot demonstration to promote development of model-based decision support in scoliosis treatment, and prompt discussion on its future role.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.008 | 0.025 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".