Comparing Moral Values in Western European Countries between 1981 and 1999. A Multiple Group Latent-Class Factor Approach
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper compares moral values in 12 European countries based on data from three waves of the European Values Survey: 1981, 1990, and 1999. We question the validity of comparisons across cultures and in time if the structural equivalence in the measurement of values is not tested. A procedure is suggested to research equivalence in measurement within a latent-class factor approach. Multiple group analyses revealed that assuming a homogeneous measurement model is not justified. Rather patterns of partial homogeneity emerged in which country and period influenced moral issues independently from the effect of two group variables on the latent-class factors. As a result, country differences generally decreased when direct effects of country on the items were introduced, however without contradicting the comparisons from the homogeneous measurement model. Period differences decreased less after allowing direct effects of the former group variable on the items.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".