Controlled mechanical ventilation in septic animals: Effects on diaphragm function
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Controlled mechanical ventilation (CMV) was shown to result in diaphragmatic dysfunction and atrophy in healthy animals. Whether mechanical ventilation results in more severe diaphragm dysfunction in animals with already weakened diaphragms is not known and was examined in septic animals. Male Wistar rats were either treated with lipopolysaccharide (5 mg/kg) to induce sepsis or with saline. After 12 hours they were divided into 3 groups: sepsis, sepsis+12hCMV and saline+12hCMV. The levels of IL-6 in plasma and in diaphragm were significantly increased in the sepsis+12hCMV group compared to the other groups. Diaphragm force was significantly lower in septic animals compared to saline+12hCMV with an additional decrease in the sepsis+12hCMV group compared to the sepsis group. mRNA expression of diaphragm MuRF1 and atrogin-1, markers of the proteasome system, were significantly higher in the sepsis+12hCMV group compared to the other groups. Diaphragm fiber dimensions and 4-HNE, a marker of oxidative stress, were similar in all groups. LC3B protein lipidation, used as an indirect assessment of autophagy, was increased in sepsis+12hCMV compared to the other groups. Similarly, protein levels of several autophagy-related genes including those involved in the initiation of autophagosome formation (ULK1, BECLIN1, PI3KC3), and targeting of the mitochondria by autophagosomes (SQSTM1, BNIP3 and PARKIN) were significantly increased in sepsis+12hCMV compared to the others. These data clearly show that CMV in septic animals further compromises diaphragm function, activates atrophic pathway and favors autophagosome formation. Supported by FWO-Flanders G.0893.11 and AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".