Analysis of wind-driven resuspension of metal mine sludge in a tailings pond
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Shallow water covers, typically less than 2 m deep, are commonly used to store tailings and minimize environmental degradation. Studies have, however, shown that wind induced waves can erode and resuspend tailings in areas where the water cover is much shallower than 1 m, possibly leading to oxidation of sulphide minerals, acid generation, and release of heavy metals. The present work investigated erosion and resuspension of co-disposed, cohesive mill tailings and lime neutralization sludge in a tailings pond located at the Heath Steele mine site, near Miramichi, New Brunswick, Canada. From measured wind data and published equations, suspended sediment concentrations were modeled for various water cover depths and compared to measured total suspended solids (TSS) values and the federal effluent discharge guideline of 25 mg L –1 . The computed suspended sediment concentrations agreed with those measured at the effluent discharge point. The results show that winds blowing in the direction of the major axis of the pond contributed most to resuspension and elevated TSS. Key words: cohesive mine tailings and sludge, critical shear stress, wind-induced resuspension, effluent water quality.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".