Constitutive expression of <i>Vitis vinifera</i> thaumatin-like protein after <i>in vitro</i> selection and its role in anthracnose resistance
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Anthracnose-resistant grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Chardonnay) plants were regenerated from embryogenic cultures that had been subjected to in vitro selection with culture filtrate of Elsinoe ampelina (de Bary) Shear. Three secreted proteins differentially expressed by in vitro-selected embryogenic cultures and regenerated plants were identified. An 8-kDa protein was identified as a lipid-transfer protein (LTP) by N-terminal amino acid sequence comparison. Two other differentially expressed proteins, with estimated molecular weights of 21.6 and 22kDa, immuno-reacted with antiserum raised against a thaumatin-like protein (TLP) protein from pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). N-terminal amino acid sequencing of the 21.6-kDa protein showed a high degree of homology to V. vinifera thaumatin-like protein 2 (VVTL-2 = grapevine osmotin; Acc no. CAA71883), and that of the 22-kDa protein was homologous to V. vinifera thaumatin-like protein 1 (VVTL-1; AAB61590). Interestingly, both VVTL-1 and VVTL-2 are pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins, belonging to the PR-5 group. Protein produced from the cloned grapevine VVTL-1 gene significantly inhibited E. ampelina spore germination and hyphal growth in vitro. Plants regenerated from in vitro-selected cultures similarly inhibited fungal growth in vivo. Enhanced expression of antifungal VVTL-1 in anthracnose resistant grapevine strongly suggests that it plays an important role, either alone or in conjunction with other PR proteins, by suppressing pathogen growth.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".