Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper introduces a novel peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction method in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems by deploying wavelet packet pre-processing of the quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) symbols. Specifically, joint inverse discrete wavelet packet and Fourier transformations (IDWPT and IDFT) of QAM symbols are calculated at the transmitter with the purpose of minimizing the PAPR of the OFDM frame to be transmitted. The wavelet packet tree representing a reversible IDWPT chosen at the transmitter is communicated to the receiver as side information, where the output of the DFT block is passed through the DWPT to recover the QAM symbols. As the DWPT is a orthonormal transformation, the proposed method preserves the average transmitted energy while maintaining the integrity of the transmitted information. With a small level of redundancy for side information, the proposed scheme achieves 5.5 dB reduction in PAPR over the traditional OFDM system as measured using the complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF) of the OFDM signals at the clipping probability of 10-4.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".