Sand transport by wind on complex surfaces: Field studies in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Field experiments on boundary layer winds and sand transport in the Victoria Valley, Antarctica have provided information on the spatial and temporal variability of sand transport across coarse sand surfaces covered with isolated roughness elements (rock clusters). Five sand transport events, with a duration ranging between 9.6 and 22 h, were studied. Sand transport threshold velocity was determined using the time faction equivalence method and varied between 0.30 and 0.35 m s −1 . Mean rates of sand transport ranged from 0.008 to 0.072 g cm s −1 . Sand transport was variably intermittent, with continuous saltation (intermittency ( γ ) = 1) occurring from 11% to as much as 31% of the time. For all events, there is a close temporal correspondence between intermittency values, shear velocity ( u * , m s −1 ) and the ratio u * / u * t ( u * t is threshold shear velocity), sand flux, and sand transport intensity as measured by piezoelectric saltation sensors. Although the roughness density of this site is low, partitioning of shear stress between the rock clusters and the intervening sand surface is important to the spatial pattern of sand transport and acts to increase the mean threshold wind shear velocity or shear stress for sediment transport by approximately 1.2 times compared to a bare sand surface. The effective local threshold wind shear velocity, however, varies by up to 6 times from the smoother sand areas to the most protected areas of the rock clusters. As a result, continuous and widespread sand transport will only occur at this site when the overall wind shear velocity exceeds 0.58 m s −1 (1.6 × u * t minimum).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".