What costs matter? Rethinking social costs of new device technologies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This editorial refers to ‘Cost-of-illness study of patients subjected to cardiac rhythm management devices implantation: results from a single tertiary centre’ by J. Fanourgiakis et al. , 15: 366–375. Costs worthy of consideration often do not make it to the picture in cost-of-illness studies. Thus, there is cause for concern when Fanourgiakis et al .'s1 timely analysis of costs associated with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) uptake in Greece estimate social cost only as impact on health resources and lost productivity. Cost-of-illness studies have been critiqued for misevaluation of cost from the patients' perspective, yet beyond this, they fail to capture non-economic costs to society, which however may be a by-product of the economic system. In the USA, for example, rapid adoption of a new technology also may have costs for the evidence base, an outcome that results from industry-driven device regulation. The US regulatory structure struggles to balance innovation with public safety, a practice that, as the history of ICD adoption in the USA shows, has given rise to controversy within and beyond the …
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.017 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".