Towards accurate accounting of cellular data for TCP retransmission
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The current architecture supporting data services to mobile devices is built below the network layer (IP) and users receive the payload at the application layer. Between them is the transport layer that can cause data consumption inflation due to the retransmission mechanism that provides reliable delivery. In this paper, we examine the accounting policies of five large cellular ISPs in the U.S. and South Korea. We look at their policies regarding the transport layer reliability mechanism with TCP's retransmission and show that the current implementation of accounting policies either fails to meet the billing fairness or is vulnerable to charge evasions. Three of the ISPs surveyed charge for all IP packets regardless of retransmission, allowing attackers to inflate a victim's bill by intentionally retransmitting packets. The other two ISPs deduct the retransmitted amount from the user's bill thus allowing tunneling through TCP retransmissions. We show that a "free-riding" attack is viable with these ISPs and discuss some of the mitigation techniques.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".