Western Europe and the Challenge of the "Unipolar Moment": Is Multipolarity the Answer?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
There have been few more controversial statements made in recent debates about American foreign policy than the assertion that America and the world have been experiencing, since the ending of the Cold War, a moment. To some, this holds out the prospect for a structuring of the international system according to American preferences for ordered liberty. Others see in the mooted unipolar moment great peril, and little promise; for them, it simply constitutes a way of masking the dangers of hegemony and even empire. Some of the most vociferous of the critics are to be found among America's transatlantic allies, and above all, in France. It is often said in French circles that multipolarity can be the only cure for the ailments of a unipolar system. This article examines that claim, and concludes that notwithstanding the rhetoric and logical implications of multipolarity, there is no evidence that the Western Europeans as a group are balancing against the United States, or even that they wish to balance against it.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.013 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".