Depression, anxiety, and cognitive functioning after intracerebral hemorrhage
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Post-stroke depression (PSD) is an important complication of stroke. We studied long-term PSD after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) at young age, as well as anxiety, and cognitive functioning of the survivors. METHODS: We gathered clinical and imaging data of 336 young ICH patients between age 16 and 49 treated in the Helsinki University Central Hospital. After a median follow-up of 9.7 (7.0-12.0) years, we interviewed 130 survivors with structural questionnaires including Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale (PASS), Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Univariate and multivariate analysis was performed to identify factors associated with PSD (BDI-II score >13). Degree of disability was measured by modified Rankin Scale score (mRS). RESULTS: PSD was present among 30 (23.1%) and anxiety among 52 (40.0%) patients (HADS score >6). Higher degree of disability was associated with symptoms of depression (higher BDI-II scores, P = 0.001), emotional distress (higher HADS scores, P = 0.004), and pain (higher PASS scores, P = 0.008, and higher BPI scores, P = 0.003). The only baseline factor identified to associate with PSD was hydrocephalus (P = 0.014). Median PASS score was 9 (IQR 0-25), median BPI score was 5 (0-23), and median MoCA score was 26 (22-28) hinting to normal or mild cognitive dysfunction. Antidepressants were used by 9.2%. CONCLUSIONS: One of four survivors of ICH at young age suffers long-term PSD. Higher degree of disability predicted occurrence of PSD. Treatment of depression appears as an unmet need in young ICH survivors.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".