Formation of crystalline colloidal arrays by anionic and cationic polystyrene particles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cross-linked polystyrene microspheres bearing positive and negative charges have been prepared by surfactant-free emulsion polymerization by the use of various amounts of vinylbenzyltrimethylammonium chloride and sodium styrenesulfonate as comonomers, respectively. Increasing the amount of the ionic comonomers tends to decrease the particle size due to better surface stabilization, but a high concentration of an ionic comonomer leads to a competitive mechanism that increases the polydispersity of the particle size. The amount of cationic and anionic comonomers leads to differences in size, shape and uniformity of the particles. The cationic particles can self-assemble into crystalline colloidal arrays with intense visible light diffraction just like the anionic ones. It is particularly interesting to observe that good packing can be obtained even for particles not quite uniform in size. To better understand the packing behavior, the properties and stability of the colloidal crystals have been studied as a function of the particle concentration and ionic strength of the media. The presence of charges helps in the formation of periodic structure over a wide range of particle concentrations at low ionic strength.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".