Accurate and Efficient Network Tomography Through Network Coding
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Accurate and efficient measurement of network-internal characteristics is critical for the management and maintenance of large-scale networks. In this paper, we propose a linear algebraic network tomography (LANT) framework for the active inference of link loss rates on mesh topologies through network coding. Probe packets are transmitted from the sources to the destinations along a set of paths. Intermediate nodes linearly combine the received probes and transmit the coded probes using predetermined coding coefficients. Although a smaller probe size can reduce the bandwidth usage of the network, the inference framework is not valid if the probe size falls below a certain threshold. To this end, we determine the minimum probe packet size, which is necessary and sufficient to establish the mapping between the contents of the received probes and the losses on the different sets of paths. Then, we develop algorithms to find the coding coefficients such that the minimum probe size is achieved. We propose a linear algebraic approach to develop consistent estimators of link loss rates, which converge to the actual loss rates as the number of probes increases. Simulation results show that the LANT framework achieves better estimation accuracy than the belief propagation algorithm for a large number of probe packets.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".