Carbon Dioxide Emissions by the Transportation Sector in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Kathmandu Valley (approximately 570 km2) is the largest city and the capital of Nepal. In 1991, it had a population of 1.1 million. The population rose to nearly 2.5 million in 2011, with a population density of 4,386/km². This is about 1.6 times the population density of an average Canadian urbanized area, which is 2,656/km2. The transportation sector is the largest source of air pollution in the valley. In 1990, there were 40,133 vehicles in the valley. This number reached 330,336 in 2011, an increase of 8-fold within 20 years. Recent data showed that there are 15,008 diesel and 315,328 gasoline vehicles. This paper determines the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted by these vehicles. Vehicle data were collected from the Department of Motor Vehicles, Kathmandu, Nepal. The emission rate of each type of vehicle was collected from the vehicle manufacturers. The study showed that Kathmandu Valley had highest level of pollution in Nepal. The CO2 emission from each type of vehicle also was calculated. Recommendations regarding improving the air quality of the valley are presented.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".