Exposure times and energy densities for ultrasonic disinfection of <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, <i>Enterococcus avium</i>, and sewage
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We investigated the disinfection of sewage and several bacterial pure cultures relevant to sewage using ultrasound produced by the magnetostrictive material, TERFENOL-D. Particular attention was paid to measuring the ultrasonic exposure time and energy density required to kill bacteria. Ultrasonic power was measured and recorded during the treatments, and bacterial kill curves were constructed based on both exposure time and total energy. In 100 mL of synthetic graywater medium, bacterial pure cultures required from ~5 to 16 min per log kill at moderate intensity (~25 W·cm–2), while a sewage sample took several times longer to experience a 90% kill. The effects of intensity, horn size, sonication medium, and vessel geometry and volume on exposure time and energy density were explored. Intensity, horn size, and the sonication medium had significant effects on bacterial kill by ultrasound, but vessel geometry did not. The volume of the liquid being treated and the treatment time were correlated, indicating that the volume of the disinfection zone was smaller than the volume of the liquid being treated.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".