Charpentier's Papers of 1886 and 1891 on Weight Perception and the Size-Weight Illusion
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The French physiologist Augustin Charpentier (1852-1916) published the first accounts of the size-weight illusion-the observation that if two objects differ in size but have equal mass, the smaller will feel heavier when lifted. In the current paper, translations are presented of Charpentier's much-cited 1891 paper on weight perception and the size-weight illusion, and his little-known brief 1886 paper which contains the earliest experimental data on the illusion. Charpentier explained weight illusions in terms of the sense of effort involved in lifting the object and the contrast with the expected effort. Modern research shows that people quickly adapt and use the appropriate force to pick up objects, but the illusion persists even when appropriate force is used; expectations therefore affect the perceptual system more strongly than the motor system.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".